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<refsect1><title>Description</title>
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<para>
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- The source list <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> is designed to support
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- any number of active sources and a variety of source media. The file lists one
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- source per line, with the most preferred source listed first. The information available
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- from the configured sources is acquired by <command>apt-get update</command>
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- (or by an equivalent command from another APT front-end).
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- </para>
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- <para>
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- Each line specifying a source starts with type (e.g. <literal>deb-src</literal>)
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- followed by options and arguments for this type.
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- Individual entries cannot be continued onto a following line. Empty lines
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- are ignored, and a <literal>#</literal> character anywhere on a line marks
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- the remainder of that line as a comment.
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+ The source list <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> and the the
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+ files contained in <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/</filename> are
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+ designed to support any number of active sources and a variety of source
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+ media. The files list one source per line (one line style) or contain multiline
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+ stanzas defining one or more sources per stanza (deb822 style), with the
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+ most preferred source listed first. The information available from the
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+ configured sources is acquired by <command>apt-get update</command> (or
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+ by an equivalent command from another APT front-end).
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1><title>sources.list.d</title>
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- <para>The <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</filename> directory provides
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- a way to add sources.list entries in separate files.
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- The format is the same as for the regular <filename>sources.list</filename> file.
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- File names need to end with
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- <filename>.list</filename> and may only contain letters (a-z and A-Z),
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- digits (0-9), underscore (_), hyphen (-) and period (.) characters.
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- Otherwise APT will print a notice that it has ignored a file, unless that
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- file matches a pattern in the <literal>Dir::Ignore-Files-Silently</literal>
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- configuration list - in which case it will be silently ignored.</para>
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+ <para>The <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</filename> directory provides
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+ a way to add sources.list entries in separate files.
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+ Two different file formats are allowed as described in the next two sections.
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+ Filenames need to have either the extension <filename>.list</filename> or
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+ <filename>.sources</filename> depending on the contained format.
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+ The filenames may only contain letters (a-z and A-Z),
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+ digits (0-9), underscore (_), hyphen (-) and period (.) characters.
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+ Otherwise APT will print a notice that it has ignored a file, unless that
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+ file matches a pattern in the <literal>Dir::Ignore-Files-Silently</literal>
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+ configuration list - in which case it will be silently ignored.</para>
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</refsect1>
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- <refsect1><title>The deb and deb-src types</title>
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+ <refsect1><title>one line style format</title>
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+ <para>
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+ Files in this format have the extension <filename>.list</filename>.
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+ Each line specifying a source starts with a type (e.g. <literal>deb-src</literal>)
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+ followed by options and arguments for this type.
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+
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+ Individual entries cannot be continued onto a following line. Empty lines
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+ are ignored, and a <literal>#</literal> character anywhere on a line marks
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+ the remainder of that line as a comment. Consequently an entry can be
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+ disabled by commenting out the entire line.
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+
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+ If options should be provided they are separated by spaces and all of
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+ them together are enclosed by square brackets (<literal>[]</literal>)
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+ included in the line after the type separated from it with a space.
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+ If an option allows multiple values these are separated from each other
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+ with a comma (<literal>,</literal>). An option name is separated from its
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+ value(s) by a equal sign (<literal>=</literal>). Multivalue options have
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+ also <literal>-=</literal> and <literal>+=</literal> as separator which
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+ instead of replacing the default with the given value(s) modify the default
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+ value(s) to remove or include the given values.
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+ </para><para>
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+ This is the traditional format and supported by all apt versions.
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+ Note that not all options as described below are supported by all apt versions.
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+ Note also that some older applications parsing this format on its own might not
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+ expect to encounter options as they were uncommon before the introduction of
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+ multi-architecture support.
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+ </para>
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+ </refsect1>
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+
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+ <refsect1><title>deb822 style format</title>
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+ <para>
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+ Files in this format have the extension <filename>.sources</filename>.
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+ The format is similar in syntax to other files used by Debian and its
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+ derivatives, like the metadata itself apt will download from the configured
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+ sources or the <filename>debian/control</filename> file in a Debian source package.
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+
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+ Individual entries are separated by an empty line, additional empty
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+ lines are ignored, and a <literal>#</literal> character at the start of
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+ the line marks the entire line as a comment. An entry can hence be
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+ disabled by commenting out each line belonging to the stanza, but it is
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+ usually easier to add the field "Enabled: no" to the stanza to disable
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+ the entry. Removing the field or setting it to yes reenables it.
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+
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+ Options have the same syntax as every other field: A fieldname separated by
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+ a colon (<literal>:</literal>) and optionally spaces from its value(s).
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+ Note especially that multiple values are separated by spaces, not by
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+ commas as in the one line format. Multivalue fields like <literal>Architectures</literal>
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+ also have <literal>Architectures-Add</literal> and <literal>Architectures-Remove</literal>
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+ to modify the default value rather than replacing it.
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+ </para><para>
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+ This is a new format supported by apt itself since version 1.1. Previous
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+ versions ignore such files with a notice message as described earlier.
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+ It is intended to make this format gradually the default format and
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+ deprecating the previously described one line style format as it is
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+ easier to create, extend and modify by humans and machines alike
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+ especially if a lot of sources and/or options are involved.
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+
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+ Developers who are working with and/or parsing apt sources are highly
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+ encouraged to add support for this format and to contact the APT team
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+ to coordinate and share this work. Users can freely adopt this format
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+ already, but could encounter problems with software not supporting
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+ the format yet.
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+ </para>
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+ </refsect1>
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+
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+ <refsect1><title>The deb and deb-src types: General Format</title>
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<para>The <literal>deb</literal> type references a typical two-level Debian
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archive, <filename>distribution/component</filename>. The
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- <literal>distribution</literal> is generally an archive name like
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+ <literal>distribution</literal> is generally a suite name like
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<literal>stable</literal> or <literal>testing</literal> or a codename like
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<literal>&stable-codename;</literal> or <literal>&testing-codename;</literal>
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while component is one of <literal>main</literal>, <literal>contrib</literal> or
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@@ -70,42 +132,33 @@
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code in the same form as the <literal>deb</literal> type.
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A <literal>deb-src</literal> line is required to fetch source indexes.</para>
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- <para>The format for a <filename>sources.list</filename> entry using the
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+ <para>The format for two one line style entries using the
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<literal>deb</literal> and <literal>deb-src</literal> types is:</para>
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- <literallayout>deb [ options ] uri suite [component1] [component2] [...]</literallayout>
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+ <literallayout>deb [ option1=value1 option2=value2 ] uri suite [component1] [component2] [...]
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+deb-src [ option1=value1 option2=value2 ] uri suite [component1] [component2] [...]</literallayout>
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- <para>Alternatively a rfc822 style format is also supported:
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+ <para>Alternatively the equivalent entry in deb822 style looks like this:
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<literallayout>
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Types: deb deb-src
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- URIs: http://example.com
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- Suites: stable testing
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- Sections: component1 component2
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- Description: short
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- long long long
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- [option1]: [option1-value]
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-
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- Types: deb
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- URIs: http://another.example.com
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- Suites: experimental
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- Sections: component1 component2
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- Enabled: no
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- Description: short
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- long long long
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- [option1]: [option1-value]
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+ URIs: uri
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+ Suites: suite
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+ Components: [component1] [component2] [...]
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+ option1: value1
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+ option2: value2
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</literallayout>
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</para>
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<para>The URI for the <literal>deb</literal> type must specify the base of the
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- Debian distribution, from which APT will find the information it needs.
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- <literal>suite</literal> can specify an exact path, in which case the
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+ Debian distribution, from which APT will find the information it needs.
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+ <literal>suite</literal> can specify an exact path, in which case the
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components must be omitted and <literal>suite</literal> must end with
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a slash (<literal>/</literal>). This is useful for the case when only a
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- particular sub-section of the archive denoted by the URI is of interest.
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+ particular sub-directory of the archive denoted by the URI is of interest.
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If <literal>suite</literal> does not specify an exact path, at least
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one <literal>component</literal> must be present.</para>
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- <para><literal>suite</literal> may also contain a variable,
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+ <para><literal>suite</literal> may also contain a variable,
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<literal>$(ARCH)</literal>
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which expands to the Debian architecture (such as <literal>amd64</literal> or
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<literal>armel</literal>) used on the system. This permits architecture-independent
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@@ -113,67 +166,80 @@
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of interest when specifying an exact path, <literal>APT</literal> will
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automatically generate a URI with the current architecture otherwise.</para>
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- <para>In the traditional style sources.list format since only one
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- distribution can be specified per line it may be necessary to have
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- multiple lines for the same URI, if a subset of all available
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- distributions or components at that location is desired. APT will
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- sort the URI list after it has generated a complete set internally,
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- and will collapse multiple references to the same Internet host,
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- for instance, into a single connection, so that it does not
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- inefficiently establish an FTP connection, close it, do something
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- else, and then re-establish a connection to that same host. This
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- feature is useful for accessing busy FTP sites with limits on the
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- number of simultaneous anonymous users. APT also parallelizes
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- connections to different hosts to more effectively deal with sites
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- with low bandwidth.</para>
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-
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- <para><literal>options</literal> is always optional and needs to be surrounded by
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- square brackets. It can consist of multiple settings in the form
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- <literal><replaceable>setting</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable></literal>.
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- Multiple settings are separated by spaces. The following settings are supported by APT
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- (note however that unsupported settings will be ignored silently):
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- <itemizedlist>
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- <listitem><para><literal>arch=<replaceable>arch1</replaceable>,<replaceable>arch2</replaceable>,…</literal>
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- can be used to specify for which architectures information should
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- be downloaded. If this option is not set all architectures defined by the
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- <literal>APT::Architectures</literal> option will be downloaded.</para></listitem>
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-
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- <listitem><para><literal>arch+=<replaceable>arch1</replaceable>,<replaceable>arch2</replaceable>,…</literal>
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- and <literal>arch-=<replaceable>arch1</replaceable>,<replaceable>arch2</replaceable>,…</literal>
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- which can be used to add/remove architectures from the set which will be downloaded.</para></listitem>
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-
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- <listitem><para><literal>lang=<replaceable>lang1</replaceable>,<replaceable>lang2</replaceable>,…</literal>,
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- <literal>lang+=<replaceable>lang1</replaceable>,<replaceable>lang2</replaceable>,…</literal> and
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- <literal>lang-=<replaceable>lang1</replaceable>,<replaceable>lang2</replaceable>,…</literal> functioning in
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- the same way as the <literal>arch</literal>-options described before. They can be used to specify for
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- which languages apt will acquire metadata, like translated package descriptions, for. If not specified, the
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- default set is defined by the <literal>Acquire::Languages</literal> config option.</para></listitem>
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-
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- <listitem><para><literal>target=<replaceable>target1</replaceable>,<replaceable>target2</replaceable>,…</literal>,
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- <literal>target+=<replaceable>target1</replaceable>,<replaceable>target2</replaceable>,…</literal> and
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- <literal>target-=<replaceable>target1</replaceable>,<replaceable>target2</replaceable>,…</literal> again functioning in
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- the same way as the <literal>arch</literal>-options described before. They can be used to specify which
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- targets apt will try to acquire from this source. If not specified, the default set is defined by
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- the <literal>APT::Acquire::Targets</literal> configuration scope.</para></listitem>
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-
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- <listitem><para><literal>trusted=yes</literal> can be set to indicate that packages
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- from this source are always authenticated even if the <filename>Release</filename> file
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- is not signed or the signature can't be checked. This disables parts of &apt-secure;
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- and should therefore only be used in a local and trusted context. <literal>trusted=no</literal>
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- is the opposite which handles even correctly authenticated sources as not authenticated.</para></listitem>
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- </itemizedlist></para>
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+ <para>Especially in the one line style format since only one distribution
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+ can be specified per line it may be necessary to have multiple lines for
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+ the same URI, if a subset of all available distributions or components at
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+ that location is desired. APT will sort the URI list after it has
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+ generated a complete set internally, and will collapse multiple
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+ references to the same Internet host, for instance, into a single
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+ connection, so that it does not inefficiently establish a
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+ connection, close it, do something else, and then re-establish a
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+ connection to that same host. APT also parallelizes connections to
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+ different hosts to more effectively deal with sites with low
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+ bandwidth.</para>
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<para>It is important to list sources in order of preference, with the most
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preferred source listed first. Typically this will result in sorting
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by speed from fastest to slowest (CD-ROM followed by hosts on a local
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network, followed by distant Internet hosts, for example).</para>
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- <para>Some examples:</para>
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- <literallayout>
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-deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main contrib non-free
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-deb http://security.debian.org/ &stable-codename;/updates main contrib non-free
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- </literallayout>
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+ <para>As an example, the sources for your distribution could look like this
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+ in one line style format:
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+ <literallayout>&sourceslist-list-format;</literallayout> or like this in
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+ deb822 style format:
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+ <literallayout>&sourceslist-sources-format;</literallayout></para>
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+ </refsect1>
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+ <refsect1><title>The deb and deb-src types: Options</title>
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+ <para>Each source entry can have options specified modifying which and how
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+ the source is accessed and data acquired from it. Format, syntax and names
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+ of the options varies between the two formats one line and deb822 style
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+ as described, but they have both the same options available. For simplicity
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+ we list the deb822 fieldname and provide the one line name in brackets.
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+ Remember that beside setting multivalue options explicitly, there is also
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+ the option to modify them based on the default, but we aren't listing those
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+ names explicitly here. Unsupported options are silently ignored by all
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+ APT versions.
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+
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+ <itemizedlist>
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+ <listitem><para><literal>Architectures</literal>
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+ (<literal>arch</literal>) is a multivalue option defining for
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+ which architectures information should be downloaded. If this
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+ option isn't set the default is all architectures as defined by
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+ the <literal>APT::Architectures</literal> config option.
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+ </para></listitem>
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+
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+ <listitem><para><literal>Languages</literal>
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+ (<literal>lang</literal>) is a multivalue option defining for
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+ which languages information like translated package
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+ descriptions should be downloaded. If this option isn't set
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+ the default is all languages as defined by the
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+ <literal>Acquire::Languages</literal> config option.
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+ </para></listitem>
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+
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+ <listitem><para><literal>Targets</literal>
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+ (<literal>target</literal>) is a multivalue option defining
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+ which download targets apt will try to acquire from this
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+ source. If not specified, the default set is defined by the
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+ <literal>APT::Acquire::Targets</literal> configuration scope.
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+ </para></listitem>
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+
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+ <listitem><para><literal>Trusted</literal> (<literal>trusted</literal>)
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+ is a tri-state value which defaults to APT deciding if a source
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+ is considered trusted or if warnings should be raised before e.g.
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+ packages are installed from this source. This option can be used
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+ to override this decision either with the value <literal>yes</literal>,
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+ which lets APT consider this source always as a trusted source
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+ even if it has no or fails authentication checks by disabling parts
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+ of &apt-secure; and should therefore only be used in a local and trusted
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+ context (if at all) as otherwise security is breached. The opposite
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+ can be achieved with the value no, which causes the source to be handled
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+ as untrusted even if the authentication checks passed successfully.
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+ The default value can't be set explicitly.
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+ </para></listitem>
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+ </itemizedlist>
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+
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+ </para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1><title>URI specification</title>
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@@ -247,34 +313,70 @@ deb http://security.debian.org/ &stable-codename;/updates main contrib non-free
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1><title>Examples</title>
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- <para>Uses the archive stored locally (or NFS mounted) at /home/jason/debian
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+ <para>Uses the archive stored locally (or NFS mounted) at /home/apt/debian
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for stable/main, stable/contrib, and stable/non-free.</para>
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- <literallayout>deb file:/home/jason/debian stable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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+ <literallayout>deb file:/home/apt/debian stable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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+ <literallayout>Types: deb
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+URIs: file:/home/apt/debian
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+Suites: stable
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+Components: main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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<para>As above, except this uses the unstable (development) distribution.</para>
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- <literallayout>deb file:/home/jason/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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+ <literallayout>deb file:/home/apt/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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+ <literallayout>Types: deb
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+URIs: file:/home/apt/debian
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+Suites: unstable
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+Components: main contrib non-free</literallayout>
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<para>Source line for the above</para>
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- <literallayout>deb-src file:/home/jason/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
|
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|
+ <literallayout>deb-src file:/home/apt/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>Types: deb-src
|
|
|
+URIs: file:/home/apt/debian
|
|
|
+Suites: unstable
|
|
|
+Components: main contrib non-free</literallayout>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>The first line gets package information for the architectures in <literal>APT::Architectures</literal>
|
|
|
while the second always retrieves <literal>amd64</literal> and <literal>armel</literal>.</para>
|
|
|
- <literallayout>deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main
|
|
|
-deb [ arch=amd64,armel ] http://ftp.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main</literallayout>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main
|
|
|
+deb [ arch=amd64,armel ] http://httpredir.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main</literallayout>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
|
|
|
+URIs: http://httpredir.debian.org/debian
|
|
|
+Suites: &stable-codename;
|
|
|
+Components: main
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+Types: deb
|
|
|
+URIs: http://httpredir.debian.org/debian
|
|
|
+Suites: &stable-codename;
|
|
|
+Components: main
|
|
|
+Architectures: amd64 armel
|
|
|
+</literallayout>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Uses HTTP to access the archive at archive.debian.org, and uses only
|
|
|
the hamm/main area.</para>
|
|
|
<literallayout>deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-archive hamm main</literallayout>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
|
|
|
+URIs: http://archive.debian.org/debian-archive
|
|
|
+Suites: hamm
|
|
|
+Components: main</literallayout>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Uses FTP to access the archive at ftp.debian.org, under the debian
|
|
|
directory, and uses only the &stable-codename;/contrib area.</para>
|
|
|
<literallayout>deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; contrib</literallayout>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
|
|
|
+URIs: ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian
|
|
|
+Suites: &stable-codename;
|
|
|
+Components: contrib</literallayout>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Uses FTP to access the archive at ftp.debian.org, under the debian
|
|
|
directory, and uses only the unstable/contrib area. If this line appears as
|
|
|
well as the one in the previous example in <filename>sources.list</filename>
|
|
|
a single FTP session will be used for both resource lines.</para>
|
|
|
<literallayout>deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian unstable contrib</literallayout>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
|
|
|
+URIs: ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian
|
|
|
+Suites: unstable
|
|
|
+Components: contrib</literallayout>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Uses HTTP to access the archive at ftp.tlh.debian.org, under the
|
|
|
universe directory, and uses only files found under
|
|
@@ -284,15 +386,32 @@ deb [ arch=amd64,armel ] http://ftp.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main</li
|
|
|
illustrates how to use the substitution variable; official debian
|
|
|
archives are not structured like this]
|
|
|
<literallayout>deb http://ftp.tlh.debian.org/universe unstable/binary-$(ARCH)/</literallayout>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
|
|
|
+URIs: http://ftp.tlh.debian.org/universe
|
|
|
+Suites: unstable/binary-$(ARCH)/</literallayout>
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <para>Uses HTTP to get binary packages as well as sources from the stable, testing and unstable
|
|
|
+ suites and the components main and contrib.</para>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian stable main contrib
|
|
|
+deb-src http://httpredir.debian.org/debian stable main contrib
|
|
|
+deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian testing main contrib
|
|
|
+deb-src http://httpredir.debian.org/debian testing main contrib
|
|
|
+deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib
|
|
|
+deb-src http://httpredir.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib</literallayout>
|
|
|
+ <literallayout>Types: deb deb-src
|
|
|
+URIs: http://httpredir.debian.org/debian
|
|
|
+Suites: stable testing unstable
|
|
|
+Components: main contrib
|
|
|
+</literallayout>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
<refsect1><title>See Also</title>
|
|
|
- <para>&apt-cache; &apt-conf;
|
|
|
+ <para>&apt-get;, &apt-conf;
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
&manbugs;
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-</refentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
+</refentry>
|